{"id":10381,"date":"2025-02-20T18:59:39","date_gmt":"2025-02-20T17:59:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/?p=10381"},"modified":"2025-02-20T19:01:34","modified_gmt":"2025-02-20T18:01:34","slug":"jake-argumenty-pro-univerzalismus-predkladal-origenes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/?p=10381","title":{"rendered":"Jak\u00e9 argumenty pro univerzalismus p\u0159edkl\u00e1dal Origenes?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Origenes\"
Origenes<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Origenes (asi 185\u2013254 n. l.) byl jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch teolog\u016f ran\u00e9 c\u00edrkve a jeho n\u00e1zory na univerzalismus (nebo apokatastasis, tj. my\u0161lenka, \u017ee v\u0161echny bytosti budou nakonec spasen\u00e9, v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed trp\u00ed v pekle) se staly p\u0159edm\u011btem debat a kontroverz\u00ed v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9m my\u0161len\u00ed. Origenes se sna\u017eil harmonizovat Bo\u017e\u00ed spravedlnost s jeho milosrdenstv\u00edm, co\u017e vedlo k jeho podpo\u0159e univerzalistick\u00e9 vize sp\u00e1sy.<\/p>\n

Zde jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 z hlavn\u00edch argument\u016f, kter\u00e9 Origenes pro univerzalismus p\u0159edkl\u00e1dal:<\/p>\n

1. Bo\u017e\u00ed milosrdenstv\u00ed a spravedlnost
\nOrigenes v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee B\u016fh je nekone\u010dn\u011b milosrdn\u00fd a spravedliv\u00fd. Podle n\u011bj by byla nelogick\u00e1 p\u0159edstava, \u017ee by B\u016fh stvo\u0159il lidsk\u00e9 bytosti, jen aby je zni\u010dil v pekle nav\u011bky. Bo\u017e\u00ed l\u00e1ska a spravedlnost by znamenaly, \u017ee v\u0161ichni nakonec budou spaseni, a to i ti, kte\u0159\u00ed v tomto \u017eivot\u011b \u017eili \u0161patn\u011b.
\nV\u011b\u010dn\u00fd trest by v jeho o\u010d\u00edch nebyl v souladu s Bo\u017e\u00edm charakterem, proto\u017ee by znamenal, \u017ee Bo\u017e\u00ed milosrdenstv\u00ed je omezen\u00e9 nebo \u017ee je bezmocn\u00e9 p\u0159ed zlem.<\/p>\n

2. P\u0159edstava o sp\u00e1se cel\u00e9ho stvo\u0159en\u00ed
\nOrigenes tvrdil, \u017ee sp\u00e1sa zahrnuje cel\u00e9 stvo\u0159en\u00ed. V\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee B\u016fh nakonec obnov\u00ed v\u0161echno stvo\u0159en\u00ed do p\u016fvodn\u00ed harmonick\u00e9 podoby. To zahrnovalo i du\u0161e zem\u0159el\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 byly v pekle, a dokonce i padl\u00e9 and\u011bly. Tato p\u0159edstava je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako apokatastasis.
\nPodle Origenese sp\u00e1sa nen\u00ed jen o spasen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch lid\u00ed, ale o celkov\u00e9m obnov\u011bn\u00ed cel\u00e9ho kosmu. V\u0161ichni, kdo byli stvo\u0159eni, by tedy m\u011bli m\u00edt mo\u017enost se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu znovu sjednotit s Bohem.<\/p>\n

3. Svobodn\u00e1 v\u016fle \u010dlov\u011bka a mo\u017enost obr\u00e1cen\u00ed
\nOrigenes v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee lidsk\u00e1 svobodn\u00e1 v\u016fle je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 pro pochopen\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00ed spravedlnosti a milosrdenstv\u00ed. I kdy\u017e lid\u00e9 mohou b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota volit \u0161patn\u011b, Bo\u017e\u00ed milost je v\u017edy p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1 a d\u00e1v\u00e1 jim mo\u017enost zm\u011bnit se.
\nI ti, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou odsouzeni do pekla, by mohli po ur\u010dit\u00e9m \u010dase, kdy\u017e se o\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed od sv\u00fdch h\u0159\u00edch\u016f, dos\u00e1hnout sp\u00e1sy. Peklo tedy nem\u011blo b\u00fdt definitivn\u00edm trestem, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e procesem, b\u011bhem n\u011bho\u017e by se du\u0161e mohly o\u010distit a st\u00e1t se op\u011bt schopn\u00e9 Bo\u017e\u00edho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

4. Biblick\u00e9 pas\u00e1\u017ee, kter\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00ed univerzalismus
\nOrigenes podporoval svou tezi i biblick\u00fdmi texty, kter\u00e9 podle n\u011bj ukazovaly, \u017ee nakonec v\u0161ichni budou spasen\u00e9:
\nFilipsk\u00fdm 2,10-11: \u201eKdyby na jm\u00e9nu Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e sklonila ka\u017ed\u00e1 kolena, a\u0165 na nebi, na zemi, nebo pod zem\u00ed, a ka\u017ed\u00fd jazyk vyj\u00e1d\u0159il, \u017ee Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 Kristus je P\u00e1n, k sl\u00e1v\u011b Boha Otce.\u201c Origenes tento ver\u0161 ch\u00e1pal jako uk\u00e1zku, \u017ee v\u0161echny bytosti, v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch padl\u00fdch, nakonec uznaj\u00ed Krista jako P\u00e1na.
\n1. Timoteovi 2,4: \u201eB\u016fh chce, aby v\u0161ichni lid\u00e9 byli spaseni a do\u0161li k pozn\u00e1n\u00ed pravdy.\u201c
\nKolosk\u00fdm 1,19-20: \u201eV n\u011bm se zal\u00edbilo, aby se usm\u00ed\u0159ilo v\u0161echno \u2013 jak na zemi, tak na nebi, skrze n\u011bj a skrze krev jeho k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee.\u201c
\nTyto pas\u00e1\u017ee byly pro Origenese d\u016fkazem, \u017ee B\u016fh nakonec usm\u00ed\u0159\u00ed v\u0161echny v\u011bci a v\u0161echny du\u0161e, a to v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed byli v pekle.<\/p>\n

5. Plat\u00f3nsk\u00fd vliv a p\u0159edstava o o\u010dist\u011b du\u0161\u00ed
\nOrigenes byl hluboce ovlivn\u011bn plat\u00f3nskou filozofi\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na Plat\u00f3nov\u00fdm u\u010den\u00edm o o\u010dist\u011b a neust\u00e1l\u00e9 snaze du\u0161\u00ed dos\u00e1hnout dokonalosti. Plat\u00f3n v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee du\u0161e se \u010dist\u00ed a vyv\u00edj\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu, a Origenes tuto my\u0161lenku p\u0159ijal i pro k\u0159es\u0165anskou teologii.
\nOrigenes p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal, \u017ee i du\u0161e, kter\u00e9 sp\u00e1chaly h\u0159\u00edch, maj\u00ed v budoucnu mo\u017enost se o\u010distit a st\u00e1t se \u010dist\u00fdmi, aby mohly b\u00fdt spasen\u00e9.<\/p>\n

6. Obnova v\u0161ech v\u011bc\u00ed (apokatastasis)
\nOrigenes tvrdil, \u017ee B\u016fh nakonec obnov\u00ed v\u0161echno stvo\u0159en\u00ed do p\u016fvodn\u00edho stavu. Tato obnova se t\u00fdkala nejen lid\u00ed, ale i cel\u00e9ho stvo\u0159en\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b and\u011bl\u016f a d\u00e9mon\u016f.
\nTato teorie je siln\u011b spojena s u\u010den\u00edm o kosmick\u00e9 obnov\u011b, kde B\u016fh v\u0161e naprav\u00ed a uvede zp\u011bt do p\u016fvodn\u00ed harmonie.<\/p>\n

Shrnut\u00ed argument\u016f Origenese pro univerzalismus:
\nBo\u017e\u00ed milosrdenstv\u00ed a spravedlnost \u2013 B\u016fh by nem\u011bl trvale trestat, proto\u017ee jeho l\u00e1ska je nekone\u010dn\u00e1.
\nSp\u00e1sa cel\u00e9ho stvo\u0159en\u00ed \u2013 B\u016fh nakonec obnov\u00ed v\u0161e, v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed trp\u00ed.
\nSvobodn\u00e1 v\u016fle a mo\u017enost obr\u00e1cen\u00ed \u2013 Ka\u017ed\u00e1 du\u0161e m\u00e1 svobodu a mo\u017enost zm\u011bnit se, i po smrti.
\nBiblick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy \u2013 N\u011bkter\u00e9 biblick\u00e9 pas\u00e1\u017ee podporuj\u00ed my\u0161lenku, \u017ee v\u0161ichni budou nakonec spasen\u00e9.
\nPlat\u00f3nsk\u00fd vliv \u2013 Plat\u00f3nova my\u0161lenka o o\u010dist\u011b du\u0161\u00ed a v\u00fdvoji k dokonalosti.
\nObnova v\u0161ech v\u011bc\u00ed \u2013 Apokatastasis, tedy obnova cel\u00e9ho stvo\u0159en\u00ed do p\u016fvodn\u00edho stavu.<\/p>\n

Tyto argumenty byly v ran\u00e9 c\u00edrkvi velmi kontroverzn\u00ed a Origenes byl za n\u011b nakonec proklet na c\u00edrkevn\u00edch koncil\u00edch, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jeho u\u010den\u00ed o univerzalismu bylo ofici\u00e1ln\u011b odsouzeno. I p\u0159esto v\u0161ak jeho my\u0161lenky o apokatastasis ovlivnily teologick\u00e9 debaty i pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed c\u00edrkevn\u00ed tradice.<\/p>\n

Na jak\u00e9m c\u00edrkevn\u00edm koncilu byl Origenes proklet a co dal\u0161\u00edho koncil proklel?
\nOrigenes byl ofici\u00e1ln\u011b odsouzen na P\u00e1t\u00e9m ekumenick\u00e9m koncilu (Druh\u00fd konstantinopolsk\u00fd koncil) v roce 553 n. l., svolan\u00e9m c\u00edsa\u0159em Justini\u00e1nem I. Tento koncil odsoudil n\u011bkter\u00e9 jeho teologick\u00e9 my\u0161lenky, zejm\u00e9na u\u010den\u00ed o apokatastasi (univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed sp\u00e1se v\u0161ech bytost\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b d\u00e9mon\u016f) a jeho spekulace o preexistenci du\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Co bylo na koncilu prokleto?
\nKoncil schv\u00e1lil 15 anathematism\u016f (proklet\u00ed) proti Origenovi, kter\u00e9 jsou zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako \u201eAnathemata proti Origenovi a jeho n\u00e1sledovn\u00edk\u016fm\u201c. Mezi hlavn\u00ed odsouzen\u00e9 nauky pat\u0159\u00ed:
\nU\u010den\u00ed o apokatastasi \u2013 Koncil odm\u00edtl my\u0161lenku, \u017ee peklo nen\u00ed v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 a \u017ee v\u0161ichni budou nakonec spaseni, v\u010detn\u011b d\u00e9mon\u016f. Podle koncilu byl trest zatracen\u00fdch v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd.
\nPreexistence du\u0161\u00ed \u2013 Origenes u\u010dil, \u017ee du\u0161e existovaly d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e vstoupily do fyzick\u00fdch t\u011bl, a \u017ee jejich um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed v t\u011blech bylo d\u016fsledkem jejich minul\u00fdch skutk\u016f. Koncil to odm\u00edtl jako nekompatibiln\u00ed s k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm u\u010den\u00edm o stvo\u0159en\u00ed.
\nCyklick\u00fd n\u00e1vrat du\u0161\u00ed \u2013 Origenes spekuloval o tom, \u017ee sv\u011bt m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt opakovan\u011b tvo\u0159en a ni\u010den v cyklech a \u017ee du\u0161e mohou proch\u00e1zet r\u016fzn\u00fdmi existencemi. Koncil to odm\u00edtl jako heretick\u00e9.
\nD\u00e9moni a \u010f\u00e1bel budou spaseni \u2013 Origenes tvrdil, \u017ee i Satan a d\u00e9moni mohou b\u00fdt nakonec obr\u00e1ceni a spaseni. Toto bylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 a odporuj\u00edc\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9mu u\u010den\u00ed.
\nDuchovn\u00ed v\u00fdznam vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed \u2013 Origenes se p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u011bl k my\u0161lence, \u017ee vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed nebude t\u011blesn\u00e9, ale \u010dist\u011b duchovn\u00ed, co\u017e koncil rovn\u011b\u017e zavrhl jako herezi.<\/p>\n

Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed zn\u011bn\u00ed jednoho z anathematism\u016f proti Origenovi:
\n\u201eKdo tvrd\u00ed nebo v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v podivnou doktr\u00ednu preexistence du\u0161\u00ed a v odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed kac\u00ed\u0159skou my\u0161lenku, \u017ee du\u0161e byla d\u0159\u00edve duchovn\u00ed bytost\u00ed a \u017ee pot\u00e9 byla uvr\u017eena do t\u011bla jako trest za sv\u00e9 h\u0159\u00edchy, budi\u017e proklet.\u201c
\n(Anathema VII proti Origenovi, 553 n. l.)<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed hereze odsouzen\u00e9 na koncilu:
\nKrom\u011b Origenova u\u010den\u00ed koncil odsoudil tak\u00e9 t\u0159i teology spojovan\u00e9 s nestori\u00e1nstv\u00edm, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako T\u0159i kapitoly:
\nTheodor z Mopsuestie (kritizov\u00e1n za sv\u00e9 nestori\u00e1nsk\u00e9 n\u00e1zory na Kristovu dvoj\u00ed p\u0159irozenost),
\nTheodoret z Kyrrhu (kritizoval Cyrila Alexandrijsk\u00e9ho a podporoval Nestoria),
\nIbas z Edessy (\u00fadajn\u011b napsal dopis s nestori\u00e1nsk\u00fdm u\u010den\u00edm).<\/p>\n

Koncil byl tedy zam\u011b\u0159en nejen proti Origenovi, ale i proti n\u011bkter\u00fdm teolog\u016fm spojen\u00fdm s nestori\u00e1nstv\u00edm, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017eil potla\u010dit c\u00edsa\u0159 Justini\u00e1n I.
\nShrnut\u00ed:<\/p>\n

Origenes byl ofici\u00e1ln\u011b odsouzen na Druh\u00e9m konstantinopolsk\u00e9m koncilu (553 n. l.).
\nKoncil odsoudil apokatastasi (univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed sp\u00e1su v\u0161ech), preexistenci du\u0161\u00ed, cyklick\u00e9 stvo\u0159en\u00ed sv\u011bta a mo\u017enost sp\u00e1sy Satana a d\u00e9mon\u016f.
\nBylo vyd\u00e1no 15 anathematism\u016f proti Origenovi.
\nKoncil tak\u00e9 odsoudil T\u0159i kapitoly spojen\u00e9 s nestori\u00e1nstv\u00edm.
\nOrigenovo u\u010den\u00ed o univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed sp\u00e1se v\u0161ak ovlivnilo pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed teology, jako byl Gregor z Nyssy nebo n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed modern\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed univerzalist\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Obr\u00e1zek je z Wikipedie. Text z Chatu GPT.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Origenes (asi 185\u2013254 n. l.) byl jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch teolog\u016f ran\u00e9 c\u00edrkve a jeho n\u00e1zory na univerzalismus (nebo apokatastasis, tj. my\u0161lenka, \u017ee v\u0161echny bytosti budou nakonec spasen\u00e9, v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed trp\u00ed v pekle) se staly p\u0159edm\u011btem debat a kontroverz\u00ed v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9m my\u0161len\u00ed. Origenes se sna\u017eil harmonizovat Bo\u017e\u00ed spravedlnost s […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[99],"class_list":["post-10381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-universalismus","tag-nepekelna-bible"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10381","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10381"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10381\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10382,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10381\/revisions\/10382"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}