{"id":9402,"date":"2022-04-26T17:32:42","date_gmt":"2022-04-26T15:32:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/?p=9402"},"modified":"2022-05-05T10:30:31","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T08:30:31","slug":"co-jezis-ucil-o-pekle-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/?p=9402","title":{"rendered":"Co Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 u\u010dil o Pekle (3)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Prvn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed slova Gehenna<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina na\u0161ich modern\u00edch p\u0159eklad\u016f ji\u017e nep\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 slova hades a sheol slovem „peklo“. Nyn\u00ed se chceme zab\u00fdvat zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm \u0159eck\u00fdm slovem gehenna, kter\u00e9 se st\u00e1le b\u011b\u017en\u011b p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako „peklo“. (O tom, zda je to vhodn\u00fd p\u0159eklad, budeme diskutovat na konci t\u00e9to studie.) V\u0161imn\u011bte si prvn\u00edho v\u00fdskytu tohoto slova v Bibli v Mt 5,21-22<\/strong>. V k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed na ho\u0159e Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 \u0159ekl: „Ale j\u00e1 prav\u00edm v\u00e1m: \u017de ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo\u017e se hn\u011bv\u00e1 na bratra sv\u00e9ho bez p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny, povinen k soudu st\u00e1ti. Kdo\u017e by pak \u0159ekl bratru sv\u00e9mu: R\u00e1cha, povinen bude p\u0159ed radou st\u00e1ti; a kdo\u017e by \u0159ekl: Bl\u00e1zne, povinen bude pekeln\u00fd ohe\u0148 trp\u011bti.“ BKR<\/em><\/p>\n

Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 v t\u011bchto ver\u0161\u00edch nehovo\u0159\u00ed o pekeln\u00e9m ohni, ale poprv\u00e9 zde pou\u017eil slovo gehenna. Za\u010dn\u011bme t\u00edmto prvn\u00edm v\u00fdskytem slova gehenna a pot\u00e9 studujme v\u0161echny jeho v\u00fdskyty v Nov\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem si m\u016f\u017eeme ud\u011blat p\u0159edstavu o biblick\u00e9m u\u010den\u00ed o tom, \u010demu se dnes b\u011b\u017en\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 peklo.<\/p>\n

Poselstv\u00ed Jana K\u0159titele a Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e <\/strong><\/p>\n

Abychom pochopili Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ovo prvn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed slova gehenna v k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed na ho\u0159e, mus\u00edme nejprve zasadit jeho slu\u017ebu a slu\u017ebu jeho sou\u010dasn\u00edka Jana K\u0159titele do spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho kontextu. Vid\u011bli jsme, \u017ee Malachi\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bl p\u0159\u00edchod Jana K\u0159titele a \u017ee Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 toto napln\u011bn\u00ed Janem potvrdil. Janovo k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edvalo v ozn\u00e1men\u00edch o bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00edm se („sekera je p\u0159ilo\u017eena ke ko\u0159enu stromu“) ohniv\u00e9m soudu nad Izraelem, pokud nebude \u010dinit pok\u00e1n\u00ed. Byl to tent\u00fd\u017e ohniv\u00fd soud, o kter\u00e9m mluvil Malachi\u00e1\u0161 a o kter\u00e9m \u0159ekl, \u017ee ho ozn\u00e1m\u00ed Jan. S touto my\u0161lenkou bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00edho se ohniv\u00e9ho soudu v kontextu Jan pokra\u010doval v Mt 3,11-12<\/strong> „J\u00e1 v\u00e1s k\u0159t\u00edm ve vod\u011b k pok\u00e1n\u00ed; ale ten, kter\u00fd p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed za mnou, je siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e j\u00e1; jemu nejsem hoden ani n\u00e9st sand\u00e1ly. On v\u00e1s bude k\u0159t\u00edt v Duchu Svat\u00e9m a ohni. V jeho ruce je lopata; i pro\u010dist\u00ed sv\u016fj mlat a shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u00ed svou p\u0161enici do s\u00fdpky, plevy v\u0161ak bude p\u00e1lit ohn\u011bm neuhasiteln\u00fdm.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Al Maxey, seri\u00f3zn\u00ed student t\u011bchto z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed, si o slov\u011b, kter\u00e9 je zde p\u0159elo\u017eeno jako „sp\u00e1lit“, pov\u0161iml n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho: Jedn\u00e1 se o \u0159eck\u00e9 slovo katakaio, kter\u00e9 znamen\u00e1 „sp\u00e1lit; str\u00e1vit“. Znamen\u00e1 zcela, \u00fapln\u011b, tot\u00e1ln\u011b zni\u010dit ohn\u011bm. V kontextu t\u00e9to studie je pou\u010dn\u00e9 si v\u0161imnout, \u017ee toto slovo je pou\u017eito v LXX (Septuagint\u011b) v Exodu 3,2<\/strong>, kde Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161 spat\u0159il ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed ke\u0159 — „Ke\u0159 ho\u0159el ohn\u011bm, ale ohe\u0148 ho nesp\u00e1lil.“ (Al Maxey, „The Consuming Fire, Examining the Final Fate of the Wicked in Light of Biblical Language,“<\/p>\n

\"\u00dadol\u00ed
\u00dadol\u00ed Hinnom alias Gehenna<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Staroz\u00e1konn\u00ed p\u016fvod Gehenny<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gehenna, naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 n\u011bkter\u00fdmi p\u0159ekladateli Nov\u00e9 smlouvy jako „peklo“, m\u00e1 sv\u016fj p\u016fvod ve Star\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b. Obecn\u011b se m\u00e1 za to, \u017ee je odvozeno od \u00fadol\u00ed nedaleko Jeruzal\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u011b pat\u0159ilo mu\u017ei jm\u00e9nem Hinnom. V\u011bdci tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee toto slovo je transliterac\u00ed \u00fadol\u00ed syn\u016f Hinnomov\u00fdch, \u00fadol\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u011blo ve Star\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b dlouhou historii – vesm\u011bs velmi \u0161patnou. Proto je Gehenna vlastn\u00edm jm\u00e9nem podobn\u011b t\u0159eba jako \u00fadol\u00ed Rio Grande v Texasu a Nov\u00e9m Mexiku. Jeliko\u017e je to pravda, nem\u011blo b\u00fdt toto slovo nikdy p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1no jako „peklo“, proto\u017ee jak uvid\u00edme, tato dv\u011b slova nemaj\u00ed nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

Poprv\u00e9 nach\u00e1z\u00edme Hinnom v Jozue 1:8<\/strong> a 18:16<\/strong>, kde je zm\u00edn\u011bn v Jozuov\u011b rozvr\u017een\u00ed judsk\u00fdch a benjam\u00ednsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Ve 2.Kr 23:10<\/strong> se do\u010dteme, \u017ee spravedliv\u00fd kr\u00e1l Jozi\u00e1\u0161 „znesv\u011btil Tofet v \u00fadol\u00ed syn\u016f Hin\u00f3mov\u00fdch, aby nikdo nedal proj\u00edt sv\u00e9mu synu nebo sv\u00e9 dce\u0159i skrze ohe\u0148 Molochovi“. Jozi\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159i o\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed Judsk\u00e9 zem\u011b poru\u0161il modl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed modly Molocha t\u00edm, \u017ee zbo\u0159il svatyn\u011b. Tofet bylo slovo, kter\u00e9 znamenalo doslova „m\u00edsto, kde se p\u00e1l\u00ed“. V 2.Par 28:3<\/strong> tam modl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Achaz p\u00e1lil kadidlo a sv\u00e9 d\u011bti v ohni, stejn\u011b jako modl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Manases v 2.Par 33:6.<\/strong> V Neh 11:30<\/strong> nach\u00e1z\u00edme n\u011bkter\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se v Tofet usadili po navr\u00e1cen\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00fdch zajatc\u016f z Babylonu. V Jer 19:2, 6<\/strong> Jeremi\u00e1\u0161 prorokoval, \u017ee na tamn\u00ed modl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u017didy p\u0159ijde pohroma, a nazval je \u00fadol\u00edm por\u00e1\u017eky, proto\u017ee B\u016fh se tam chystal \u017didy vyvra\u017edit pomoc\u00ed babylonsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Nabukadnezara. V Jer 7:32<\/strong> Jeremi\u00e1\u0161 prorokoval zk\u00e1zu, kter\u00e1 na modl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u017didy jeho doby p\u0159i\u0161la, t\u011bmito slovy: „Proto hle, p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed dny, je v\u00fdrok Hospodin\u016fv, kdy se ji\u017e nebude naz\u00fdvat Tofet ani \u00fadol\u00ed syna Hin\u00f3mova, ale \u00fadol\u00ed por\u00e1\u017eky, nebo\u0165 v Tofet budou ho\u0159et, dokud nebude pokoj.“<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u0161imn\u011bte si op\u011bt zm\u00ednky o Tofet, „m\u00edsto ohn\u011b“. Izaj\u00e1\u0161 o T\u00f3fet takto hovo\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 v Iz 30:33,<\/strong> kdy\u017e varoval proegyptskou stranu mezi \u017didy (tj. ty, kte\u0159\u00ed d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ovali sp\u00ed\u0161e Egyptu, \u017ee je zachr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed Babylonem, ne\u017e Bohu) p\u0159ed ohniv\u00fdm soudem, kter\u00fd na n\u011b p\u0159ijde. V Jer 19:11-14<\/strong> Jeremi\u00e1\u0161 takto vy\u0159kl rozsudek Babylonu nad Jeruzal\u00e9mem v \u00fadol\u00ed Hin\u00f3m: „Domy Jeruzal\u00e9ma a domy judsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f budou poskvrn\u011bny jako m\u00edsto Tofet, a to kv\u016fli v\u0161em dom\u016fm, na jejich\u017e st\u0159ech\u00e1ch p\u00e1lili kadidlo v\u0161em nebesk\u00fdm z\u00e1stup\u016fm a vyl\u00e9vali ob\u011bti \u00falitby jin\u00fdm boh\u016fm.“<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\u00dadol\u00ed
\u00dadol\u00ed v okol\u00ed Jeruzal\u00e9ma<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Z t\u011bchto pas\u00e1\u017e\u00ed vid\u00edme, \u017ee pro \u017didy \u00fadol\u00ed Hin\u00f3m neboli Tofet, z n\u011bho\u017e vznikl novoz\u00e1konn\u00ed pojem Gehenna, znamenalo m\u00edsto sp\u00e1leni\u0161t\u011b, \u00fadol\u00ed por\u00e1\u017eky a m\u00edsto katastrof\u00e1ln\u00edho ohniv\u00e9ho soudu. Tak Thayer ve sv\u00e9m \u0158ecko-anglick\u00e9m lexikonu Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona o Gehenn\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: Gehenna, jm\u00e9no \u00fadol\u00ed na severov\u00fdchod\u011b od Jeruzal\u00e9ma…, kter\u00e9 se tak naz\u00fdvalo podle k\u0159iku mal\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed, je\u017e byly vr\u017eeny do ohniv\u00e9 n\u00e1ru\u010de Molocha, tj. modly maj\u00edc\u00ed podobu b\u00fdka. \u017did\u00e9 si toto m\u00edsto pot\u00e9, co kr\u00e1l Jozi\u00e1\u0161 tyto hr\u016fzn\u00e9 ob\u011bti zru\u0161il (2.Kr 23:10<\/strong>), tak zo\u0161klivili, \u017ee do n\u011bj h\u00e1zeli nejen v\u0161elijak\u00e9 odpadky, ale dokonce i mrtv\u00e1 t\u011bla zv\u00ed\u0159at a nepoh\u0159ben\u00fdch zlo\u010dinc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed byli popraveni. A proto\u017ee ke str\u00e1ven\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch t\u011bl bylo v\u017edy zapot\u0159eb\u00ed ohn\u011b, aby se hnilobou nezne\u010distil vzduch, vzniklo m\u00edsto, kter\u00e9mu se \u0159\u00edkalo Gehenna.<\/p>\n

Gehenna je tedy vlastn\u00ed jm\u00e9no onoho \u00fadol\u00ed, dle jeho p\u016fvodu (\u00fadol\u00ed syn\u016f Hynnomov\u00fdch). Naz\u00fdvalo by se tak i bez ohledu na to, zda tam n\u011bkdy doch\u00e1zelo k modloslu\u017eb\u011b, spalov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo vyhazov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadk\u016f. Co\u017e, jak z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch m\u00edst vid\u00edme, se na tomto m\u00edst\u011b d\u011blo.<\/p>\n

\"\u00dadol\u00ed
\u00dadol\u00ed Hinnom alias Gehenna<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Edward William Fudge o historii \u00fadol\u00ed Hinnom \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u00dadol\u00ed neslo toto jm\u00e9no p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm ji\u017e v dob\u011b, kdy byl naps\u00e1n Jozue, a\u010dkoli o jeho p\u016fvodu nen\u00ed nic zn\u00e1mo. Bylo m\u00edstem ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed Molochovi za dn\u016f Achaza a Manasese. To mu vyslou\u017eilo n\u00e1zev „Tofet“, m\u00edsto odplivnut\u00ed nebo m\u00edsto nen\u00e1visti. Tento „Tofet“ se mo\u017en\u00e1 stal obrovskou hranic\u00ed pro spalov\u00e1n\u00ed mrtvol za dn\u016f Ezechi\u00e1\u0161e pot\u00e9, co B\u016fh b\u011bhem jedn\u00e9 noci pobil 185 000 asyrsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f a zachr\u00e1nil Jeruzal\u00e9m (Iz 30:31-33; 37:26<\/strong>). Jeremi\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee bude napln\u011bn a\u017e po okraj mrtvolami Izraelit\u016f, a\u017e je B\u016fh bude soudit za jejich h\u0159\u00edchy (Jer 7:31-33; 19:2-13<\/strong>). Josefus Flavius uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee stejn\u00e9 \u00fadol\u00ed bylo zavaleno mrtv\u00fdmi t\u011bly \u017did\u016f po \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9m obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed Jeruzal\u00e9ma kolem roku 69-70 n. l. Jozi\u00e1\u0161 v r\u00e1mci sv\u00e9 zbo\u017en\u00e9 reformy znesv\u011btil toto odporn\u00e9 \u00fadol\u00ed (2.Kr 23:10<\/strong>). Dlouho p\u0159ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ovou dobou se \u00fadol\u00ed Hinn\u00f3m za\u0161katulkovalo s konotac\u00ed v\u0161eho, co je „odsouzen\u00e9, neu\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9, zka\u017een\u00e9 a nav\u017edy zavr\u017een\u00e9“. (Edward William Fudge, The Fire That Consumes [Houston: Providential Press, 1982], s. 160.)<\/em><\/p>\n

Toto je t\u0159eba m\u00edt na pam\u011bti, kdy\u017e \u010dteme Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ova slova. Kdy\u017e u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 slovo Gehenna, odkazuje na toto fyzick\u00e9 m\u00edsto uveden\u00e9 ve Star\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b.<\/p>\n

\"\u00dadol\u00ed
\u00dadol\u00ed Hinnom alias Gehenna<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed >><\/a><\/p>\n

<< p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edl<\/a><\/p>\n

Omluvte p\u0159\u00edpadnou kvalitu p\u0159ekladu. Citovan\u00e9 pas\u00e1\u017ee jsou bu\u010f p\u0159elo\u017eeny, nebo pou\u017eity z \u010desk\u00fdch p\u0159eklad\u016f. Origin\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek naleznete\u00a0zde >><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prvn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed slova Gehenna V\u011bt\u0161ina na\u0161ich modern\u00edch p\u0159eklad\u016f ji\u017e nep\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 slova hades a sheol slovem „peklo“. Nyn\u00ed se chceme zab\u00fdvat zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm \u0159eck\u00fdm slovem gehenna, kter\u00e9 se st\u00e1le b\u011b\u017en\u011b p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako „peklo“. (O tom, zda je to vhodn\u00fd p\u0159eklad, budeme diskutovat na konci t\u00e9to studie.) V\u0161imn\u011bte si prvn\u00edho v\u00fdskytu tohoto slova […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[122,112,113],"tags":[97,171],"class_list":["post-9402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hnev","category-nabozenstvi","category-peklo","tag-gary-amirault","tag-samuel-g-dawson"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9402","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9402"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9402\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9414,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9402\/revisions\/9414"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9402"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9402"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9402"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}