{"id":9822,"date":"2024-04-17T04:18:55","date_gmt":"2024-04-17T02:18:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/?p=9822"},"modified":"2025-01-18T18:26:35","modified_gmt":"2025-01-18T17:26:35","slug":"proc-je-tak-tezke-zmenit-nazor-druheho-a-i-ten-svuj","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/?p=9822","title":{"rendered":"Pro\u010d je tak t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 zm\u011bnit n\u00e1zor druh\u00e9ho \u2013 a i ten sv\u016fj?"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n\r\nSkute\u010dnost, \u017ee lid\u00e9 sv\u00e9 n\u00e1zory m\u011bnit necht\u011bj\u00ed, se sna\u017e\u00ed vysv\u011btlit n\u011bkolik psychologick\u00fdch pojm\u016f: motivovan\u00e9 obhajov\u00e1n\u00ed (motivated reasoning), konfirma\u010dn\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed (confirmation bias), kognitivn\u00ed disonance (cognitive dissonance). Nen\u00ed ov\u0161em t\u0159eba u\u017e\u00edvat akademick\u00e9 mluvy, aby v\u00e1m bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee p\u0159im\u011bt druh\u00e9 k tomu, aby v\u011bci vid\u011bli stejn\u011b jako vy, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt velmi slo\u017eit\u00e9 a to zejm\u00e9na v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy\u017e do diskuse vstupuje druh\u00e1 strana \u00fapln\u011b s jin\u00fdm \u00fahlem pohledu. Sna\u017e\u00edte se p\u0159edkl\u00e1dat fakta, ohledupln\u011b a nekonfliktn\u011b jak to jen dok\u00e1\u017eete, p\u0159esto se zd\u00e1, \u017ee fakta nikam nevedou. Druh\u00e1 strana m\u00e1 n\u00e1zorovou ze\u010f, se kterou nelze pohnout. Jako kdyby s\u00a0n\u00ed pohnout ani necht\u011bla.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nO co tady ale vlastn\u011b jde? Pro\u010d se lid\u00e9 tak zarputile sna\u017e\u00ed dr\u017eet n\u00e1zoru, kter\u00fd si n\u011bkdy d\u0159\u00edve utvo\u0159ili? Nem\u011bla by lidsk\u00e1 mysl b\u00fdt otev\u0159en\u00e1 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed a nov\u00fdm d\u016fkaz\u016fm\u2026skute\u010dnostem\u2026p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let? Inu, bylo by to skv\u011bl\u00e9, ale je to naivn\u00ed. Takov\u00e1 p\u0159edstava toti\u017e nebere v\u00a0potaz obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed spole\u010denskov\u011bdn\u00edch d\u016fkaz\u016f dokl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch, \u017ee fakta sama o sob\u011b nemaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Fakta jsou jedni\u010dky a nuly pro n\u00e1\u0161 ment\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, oby\u010dejn\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1dky k\u00f3du, kter\u00e9 za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed nab\u00fdvat v\u00fdznamu teprve ve chv\u00edli, kdy\u017e je za\u010dne zpracov\u00e1vat n\u00e1\u0161 emo\u010dn\u00ed software. Melissa Finucanov\u00e1 a Paul Slovic a dal\u0161\u00ed tento jev naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed <em>ovlivn\u011bn\u00e1<\/em> <em>heuristika<\/em>* (The Affect Heuristic). Sna\u017e\u00ed se tak popsat podv\u011bdom\u00fd proces ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjem informac\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b na\u0161ich cit\u016f, instinkt\u016f, okolnost\u00ed a zku\u0161enost\u00ed\u2026hled\u00e1me, co z\u00a0toho co zn\u00e1me, pro n\u00e1s m\u016f\u017ee u\u010dinit tato fakta relevantn\u00edmi, co jim d\u00e1 pro n\u00e1s uchopiteln\u00fd v\u00fdznam \u2026 co p\u0159evede tyto \u0159\u00e1dky nesmysln\u00e9ho k\u00f3du v\u00a0na\u0161e p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, pohledy a n\u00e1zory.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nDob\u0159e tedy, ale pro\u010d t\u00edhneme k\u00a0tomu sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1zor tak zarputile br\u00e1nit? Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 vod\u00edtka lze nal\u00e9zt p\u0159i studiu dvou oblast\u00ed \u2026 sebepotvrzov\u00e1n\u00ed (self-affirmation) a kulturn\u00ed kognice (cultural cognition). Ob\u011b oblasti tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee sv\u016fj pohled nechceme pustit, jeliko\u017e na\u0161e n\u00e1zory n\u00e1m slou\u017e\u00ed jako obrann\u00e1 hradba, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 za \u00fakol chr\u00e1nit to dobr\u00e9 (v n\u00e1s) p\u0159ed nep\u0159\u00edtelem (v\u0161emi pitomci, co maj\u00ed jin\u00e9 n\u00e1zory ne\u017e my). A vskutku, n\u00e1\u0161 pohled a na\u0161e n\u00e1zory n\u00e1s mohou chr\u00e1nit, poskytnout n\u00e1m \u00fakryt a n\u011bkdy i doslova zachr\u00e1nit \u017eivot. Nen\u00ed se \u010demu divit, \u017ee bojujeme za to, aby hradebn\u00ed st\u011bna byla co nejtlust\u0161\u00ed a nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nV\u00fdzkumy v\u00a0oblasti sebepotvrzov\u00e1n\u00ed ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee k\u00a0tomu, aby druh\u00fd zm\u011bnil sv\u016fj n\u00e1zor, velmi pom\u016f\u017ee, kdy\u017e ho nejprve pob\u00eddneme, aby si vybavil n\u011bjakou veskrze kladnou str\u00e1nku sv\u00e9 osobnosti. Lid\u00e9 daleko snadn\u011bji p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed fakta, kter\u00e1 mohou ovlivnit jejich n\u00e1zory, kdy\u017e v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee jsou dobr\u00fdmi lidmi. Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed o sob\u011b sm\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed pozitivn\u011b, jsou mnohem otev\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed! (Jedn\u00e1 se o obrovsk\u00e9 zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed \u2013 takto by to \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd akademik ne\u0159ekl!). Jeden novinov\u00fd pr\u016fzkum z\u00a0roku 2008 se vypt\u00e1val lid\u00ed na jejich n\u00e1zor ohledn\u011b sta\u017een\u00ed jednotek z\u00a0Ir\u00e1ku. V\u011bt\u0161ina republik\u00e1n\u016f si myslela, \u017ee by tam jednotky m\u011bly z\u016fstat. Dv\u011bma odd\u011blen\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m byly p\u0159edlo\u017eeny statistiky dokl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee po skokov\u00e9m n\u00e1r\u016fstu americk\u00fdch jednotek v oblasti dramaticky klesly projevy n\u00e1sil\u00ed. Jedna z\u00a0t\u011bchto odd\u011blen\u00edch skupin byla pob\u00eddnuta k\u00a0tomu, aby se v\u011bnovala sebepotvrzuj\u00edc\u00ed aktivit\u011b (byli po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1ni, aby si vzpomn\u011bli na dobu, kdy sami ze sebe m\u011bli nejlep\u0161\u00ed dojem, kdy \u017eili pln\u011b v\u00a0souladu se sv\u00fdm p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm). Druh\u00e9 skupin\u011b byla pouze uk\u00e1z\u00e1na statistika n\u00e1sil\u00ed a sebepotvrzov\u00e1n\u00ed nebylo po\u017eadov\u00e1no. Ob\u011b skupiny d\u00e1le byly dot\u00e1z\u00e1ny, jestli dramatick\u00fd pokles n\u00e1sil\u00ed v\u00a0Ir\u00e1ku je d\u016fvodem pro op\u011btovn\u00e9 sta\u017een\u00ed jednotek. Republik\u00e1ni, kte\u0159\u00ed se zab\u00fdvali sebepotvrzuj\u00edc\u00ed aktivitou, \u010dili ti, kdo o sob\u011b m\u011bli sm\u00fd\u0161let pozitivn\u011b, mnohem snadn\u011bji p\u0159ijali jin\u00fd n\u00e1zor a \u0159ekli, \u017ee pokles n\u00e1sil\u00ed v\u00a0Ir\u00e1ku lze ch\u00e1pat jako d\u016fvod k tomu, aby se jednotky za\u010daly stahovat zp\u011bt. Skupina, kter\u00e1 sebepotvrzuj\u00edc\u00ed cvi\u010den\u00ed neprov\u00e1d\u011bla, z\u016fstala neoblomnou, d\u00e1le tvrdila, \u017ee by jednotky m\u011bly z\u016fstat.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nKulturn\u00ed kognice je teori\u00ed tvrd\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee sv\u00e9 n\u00e1zory p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159\u00edme, abychom si udr\u017eeli konformitu se skupinou, se kterou se nejv\u00edce identifikujeme. To znamen\u00e1 dv\u011b v\u011bci. Ve skupin\u011b roste soun\u00e1le\u017eitost a sebeidentifikace k\u00a0tomu, aby se zv\u00fd\u0161ila pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee n\u00e1zory skupiny ve v\u011bt\u0161inov\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti p\u0159e\u017eij\u00ed (pravdu m\u00e1me my) a sou\u010dasn\u011b je t\u00edm posilov\u00e1na identifikace \u010dlen\u016f se skupinou, coby lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed situaci ch\u00e1pou spr\u00e1vn\u011b (konzervativn\u00ed republik\u00e1n\u0161t\u00ed kandid\u00e1ti nap\u0159\u00edklad navrhuj\u00ed, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd nov\u00fd kandid\u00e1t musel proj\u00edt testem, kdy se prok\u00e1\u017ee, zda kandid\u00e1tovy n\u00e1zory dostate\u010dn\u011b koresponduj\u00ed s\u00a0konzervativn\u00edmi doktr\u00ednami strany a a\u017e po pozitivn\u00edm v\u00fdsledku mu byla vyj\u00e1d\u0159ena podpora).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nPosilov\u00e1n\u00ed identifikace skupiny ji napom\u00e1h\u00e1 b\u00fdt je\u0161t\u011b siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a pro jej\u00ed \u010dleny m\u00e1 pak je\u0161t\u011b mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hodnotu, \u017ee jej\u00edmi \u010dleny mohou b\u00fdt. A to o hodn\u011b. Lid\u00e9 jsou spole\u010densk\u00fdmi tvory. Jsme z\u00e1visl\u00ed na sv\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch, kmenech, z\u00e1vis\u00ed na nich na\u0161e p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. Kdy\u017e n\u00e1zory na\u0161\u00ed skupiny p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed a na\u0161e skupina n\u00e1s p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1, zvy\u0161uj\u00ed se t\u00edm na\u0161e nad\u011bje na p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. Motivace ke zm\u011bn\u011b vlastn\u00edch n\u00e1zor\u016f na\u00a0n\u00e1zory\u00a0konformn\u00ed se skupinou, je nesm\u00edrn\u011b siln\u00e1. Stejn\u00fd princip lze nahl\u00ed\u017eet i obr\u00e1cen\u011b. \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce se c\u00edt\u00edme ohro\u017eeni ekonomick\u00fdmi nejistotami, pohr\u016f\u017ekami terorismu, ekologick\u00fdm kolapsem, t\u00edm snadn\u011bji zap\u0159ah\u00e1me vag\u00f3ny vlastn\u00edch n\u00e1zor\u016f do n\u00e1zorov\u00e9ho vlaku n\u011bjak\u00e9 skupiny a nab\u00fdv\u00e1me tak pocitu bezpe\u010d\u00ed\u2026 \u010d\u00edm urputn\u011bji d\u00e1le \u017eiv\u00edme tuto ne\u00fastupnou \u201ekulturn\u00ed v\u00e1lku\u201c, t\u00edm v\u00edce se polarizujeme a odm\u00edt\u00e1me jak\u00fdkoliv kompromis \u2026 pokrok se ned\u011bje. Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee i takovouto interpretaci lze z pr\u016fzkumu sebepotvrzov\u00e1n\u00ed vyvodit. Ukazuje se, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b se c\u00edt\u00edme ohro\u017eeni, t\u00edm jsou na\u0161e n\u00e1zory tv\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nTak\u017ee p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b, a\u017e bude\u0161 cht\u00edt m\u00edt opravdu otev\u0159en\u00fd dialog s\u00a0n\u011bk\u00fdm, u koho v\u00ed\u0161, \u017ee se n\u00e1zorov\u011b neshodujete, nevrhej se rovnou na fakta. Po\u017e\u00e1dej ho nejd\u0159\u00edv, aby ti vypr\u00e1v\u011bl o n\u011b\u010dem, na co je hrd\u00fd, co se mu opravdu povedlo, za co sklidil pochvalu a zkus myslet na n\u011bco takov\u00e9ho i u sebe. Pak se v\u00e1m mo\u017en\u00e1 i povede v\u00e9st rozhovor nam\u00edsto o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 h\u00e1dky.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n&#8212;\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<strong>*Heuristika<\/strong>\u00a0(z \u0159e\u010dtiny\u00a0heurisk\u00f3,\u00a0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9\u00a0\u2013 nal\u00e9zt, objevit) znamen\u00e1 zkusm\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f, pro n\u011b\u017e nezn\u00e1me\u00a0algorimus\u00a0nebo p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metodu. Heuristick\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je \u010dasto jen p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e9, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na pou\u010den\u00e9m odhadu,\u00a0intuici,\u00a0zku\u0161enosti\u00a0nebo prost\u011b na zdrav\u00e9m rozumu. Prvn\u00ed odhad se m\u016f\u017ee postupn\u011b zlep\u0161ovat, i kdy\u017e heuristika nikdy nezaru\u010duje nejlep\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Zato je univerz\u00e1ln\u011b pou\u017eiteln\u00e1, jednoduch\u00e1 a rychl\u00e1.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/how-risky-is-it-really\/201007\/why-changing-somebody-s-mind-or-yours-is-hard-do\">https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/how-risky-is-it-really\/201007\/why-changing-somebody-s-mind-or-yours-is-hard-do<\/a>\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee lid\u00e9 sv\u00e9 n\u00e1zory m\u011bnit necht\u011bj\u00ed, se sna\u017e\u00ed vysv\u011btlit n\u011bkolik psychologick\u00fdch pojm\u016f: motivovan\u00e9 obhajov\u00e1n\u00ed (motivated reasoning), konfirma\u010dn\u00ed zkreslen\u00ed (confirmation bias), kognitivn\u00ed disonance (cognitive dissonance). Nen\u00ed ov\u0161em t\u0159eba u\u017e\u00edvat akademick\u00e9 mluvy, aby v\u00e1m bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee p\u0159im\u011bt druh\u00e9 k tomu, aby v\u011bci vid\u011bli stejn\u011b jako vy, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt velmi slo\u017eit\u00e9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[5],"tags":[184],"class_list":["post-9822","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-clanky","tag-sozo-2"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9822","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9822"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9822\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9823,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9822\/revisions\/9823"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9822"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9822"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sozo.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9822"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}